Rear-face illuminated solid state image sensors

ABSTRACT

A microelectronic unit includes a semiconductor element having a front surface to which a packaging layer is attached, and a rear surface remote from the front surface. The element includes a light detector including a plurality of light detector element arranged in an array disposed adjacent to the front surface and arranged to receive light through the rear surface. The semiconductor element also includes an electrically conductive contact at the front surface connected to the light detector. The conductive contact includes a thin region and a thicker region which is thicker than the thin region. A conductive interconnect extends through the packaging layer to the thin region of the conductive contact, and a portion of the conductive interconnect is exposed at a surface of the microelectronic unit.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 14/148,096,filed on Jan. 6, 2014 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,900,910, issued on Dec. 2,2014), which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 12/940,326, filed on Nov. 5, 2010 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,624,342,issued on Jan. 7, 2014), the disclosures of which are herebyincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The subject matter shown and described in the present applicationrelates to microelectronic image sensors and methods of fabricating,e.g., microelectronic image sensors.

Solid state image sensors, e.g. charge-coupled devices, (“CCD”) arrays,have a myriad of applications. For instance, they may be used to captureimages in digital cameras, camcorders, cameras of cell phones and thelike. One or more light detecting elements on a chip, along with thenecessary electronics, are used to capture a “pixel” or a pictureelement, a basic unit of an image.

Improvements can be made to the structure of solid state image sensorsand the processes used to fabricate them.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with one embodiment, a microelectronic unit may include asemiconductor element having a front surface and a rear surface remotefrom the front surface, and a packaging layer attached to the frontsurface of the semiconductor element. The semiconductor element mayinclude a light detector, which includes a plurality of light detectorelements arranged in an array, disposed adjacent to the front surfaceand aligned with a portion of the rear surface to receive light throughthe rear surface portion, and a conductive contact at the front surfaceconnected to the light detector. The conductive contact may include athin region having a first thickness and a thicker region having asecond thickness that is thicker than the first thickness. A conductiveinterconnect may extend through the packaging layer to the thin regionof the conductive contact, and at least a portion of the conductiveinterconnect is exposed at a surface of the microelectronic unit.

In another embodiment, a method of fabricating a microelectronic unitmay include forming a recessed portion extending through a packaginglayer attached to a front surface of a semiconductor element andterminating at a thin region of a conductive contact. The conductivecontact is disposed at the front surface of the semiconductor element.The semiconductor element has a rear surface remote from the frontsurface and includes a light detector including a plurality of lightdetector elements arranged in an array. The light detector is disposedadjacent to the front surface, connected to the conductive contact andaligned with a portion of the rear surface to receive light through therear surface portion. In addition, the conductive contact has a firstthickness at the thin region and includes a thicker region having asecond thickness that is thicker than the first thickness. The methodfurther may include forming a conductive interconnect extending throughthe recessed portion to connect to the conductive contact at the thinregion, where at least a portion of the conductive interconnect isexposed at a surface of the microelectronic unit.

In accordance with another embodiment, a microelectronic unit mayinclude a semiconductor element having a front surface, a rear surfaceremote from the front surface and a region consisting essentially ofsemiconductor material disposed between the front and rear surfaces. Afirst packaging layer may be attached to the front surface of thesemiconductor element. The semiconductor element may include a lightdetector, which includes a plurality of light detector elements arrangedin an array, disposed adjacent to the front surface and aligned with aportion of the rear surface to receive light through the rear surfaceportion. A conductive contact at the front surface is connected to thelight detector. A packaging assembly having a second packaging layer maybe attached to the rear surface of the semiconductor element. Aconductive interconnect may extend through the first packaging layer,through the conductive contact and into the second packaging layer, andis connected to the conductive contact. The conductive interconnect iselectrically isolated from the semiconductor region, and at least aportion of the conductive interconnect is exposed at a surface of themicroelectronic unit.

In one embodiment, an isolation region in the semiconductor elementcompletely circumscribes the conductive contact so as to electricallyisolate the conductive contact from the semiconductor region

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F, 1G, 1H, 1I, 1J, 1K, 1L, 1M, 1N, and 1O arepartial sectional views illustrating stages in a method of fabricating aback side illuminated image sensor, according to an embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 2 is a sectional view illustrating a packaged back side illuminatedimage sensor, according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a sectional view illustrating a packaged back side illuminatedimage sensor, according to another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a sectional view illustrating a packaged back side illuminatedimage sensor, according to another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a sectional view illustrating a packaged back side illuminatedimage sensor, according to another embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In an embodiment of the present invention, a wafer level packageassembly is disclosed having a back side illuminated image sensor. U.S.Pat. No. 6,646,289, which is hereby incorporated by reference, disclosesintegrated circuit devices employing a thin silicon substrate. Optroniccomponents are formed on a surface facing away from a correspondingtransparent protective layer.

As discussed in the '289 patent, the thinness of the silicon allows forthe optronic components to be exposed to light impinging via thetransparent protective layer. Color filters may be formed on an innersurface of the protective layer. Further, an array of microlenses mayalso be disposed on an inner surface of the protective layer.

A method of fabricating a back side illuminated image sensor will now bedescribed with reference to sectional views illustrating respectivestages of fabrication in FIGS. 1A- through 1O. As illustrated in FIG.1A, in a preliminary stage of fabrication before a packaging process isperformed, a semiconductor material wafer 10 is provided, and a processstop layer 12 is disposed on a surface 11 of the wafer 10. The wafer 10may consist essentially of silicon, and alternatively may include othersemiconductor materials such as, for example, germanium (Ge), carbon(C), alloys or combinations of silicon with such material or one or moreIII-V compound semiconductor materials, each being a compound of a GroupIII element with a Group V element of the periodic table. In oneembodiment, the layer 12 can have a thickness of about 1-5 μm andconsist essentially of silicon dioxide.

Referring to FIG. 1B, a semiconductor device wafer 14 made from the sameor similar materials as the wafer 10 is joined with the wafer 10 atexposed surface 15 of the layer 12. Referring to FIG. 1C, after thewafers 10 and 14 are joined, the thickness of the wafer 14 is reduced,such as by grinding or smart cutting of the wafer 14.

The wafer 14 includes an active semiconductor layer or an active regionwhich can consist essentially of silicon. Although not shown in thedrawings FIGS. 1A-1O, the wafer 14 includes a plurality of adjoiningdies, each constituting an image sensing region. Referring to FIG. 1D,each sensing region includes an image sensor 17 formed in the activeregion. The image sensor includes a plurality of light detector elementstypically arranged in an array to form one or more picture elements(pixels) for capturing an image cast thereon via light in directionsnormal to front or back surfaces of the wafer 14. In one example, theimage sensor can be a charge-coupled device (“CCD”) array. In anotherexample, the image sensor can be a complementary metal oxidesemiconductor (“CMOS”) device array. Each of the sensing regions or diesof the wafer 14 will be severed from each other at a later stage offabrication. For highlighting the features of the present invention, aportion of a single image sensing region of a microelectronic assembly100 including the wafer 14 is shown in the drawings FIGS. 1A-1O.Although fabrication processing of the assembly 100 is described belowwith respect to a single image sensing region of the assembly 100, it isto be understood that the same fabrication processing occurs in theother image sensing regions of the assembly 100.

In one embodiment, the wafer 14 may be reduced to a final thickness thatis the same as a lateral dimension of a pixel, which is formed in thesensor 17, in a lateral direction along a surface of the wafer 14. Inother embodiments, the wafer 14 has a final thickness of about 3-5 μm.

Still referring to FIG. 1D, after the thickness of the wafer 14 isreduced, a bond pad 16 is formed on a front surface 19 of the wafer 14.The bond pad 16 optionally may overlie a dielectric layer (not shown)disposed at the front surface 19.

As used in this disclosure, terms such as “top”, “bottom”, “upward” or“upwardly” and “downward” or “downwardly” refer to the frame ofreference of the microelectronic element, e.g., semiconductor wafer orchip, or an assembly or unit which incorporates such wafer or chip.These terms do not refer to the normal gravitational frame of reference.For ease of reference, directions are stated in this disclosure withreference to the “top” or “front” surface 19 of the device wafer 14.Generally, directions referred to as “upward” or “rising from” shallrefer to the direction orthogonal and away from the front surface 19.Directions referred to as “downward” shall refer to the directionsorthogonal to the front surface 19 and opposite the upward direction. A“vertical” direction shall refer to a direction orthogonal to the chipfront surface. The term “above” a reference point shall refer to a pointupward of the reference point, and the term “below” a reference pointshall refer to a point downward of the reference point. The “top” of anyindividual element shall refer to the point or points of that elementwhich extend furthest in the upward direction, and the term “bottom” ofany element shall refer to the point or points of that element whichextend furthest in the downward direction.

As used in this disclosure, a statement that an electrically conductivestructure is “exposed at” a surface of a dielectric structure indicatesthat the electrically conductive structure is available for contact witha theoretical point moving in a direction perpendicular to the surfaceof the dielectric structure toward the surface of the dielectricstructure from outside the dielectric structure. Thus, a terminal orother conductive structure which is exposed at a surface of a dielectricstructure may project from such surface; may be flush with such surface;or may be recessed relative to such surface and exposed through a holeor depression in the dielectric.

Referring to FIG. 1E, a carrier wafer or packaging layer 20 is joined tothe wafer 14 at the front surface 19 using an adhesive 22. The adhesive22 can be any suitable material, and can be epoxy. The adhesive 22should have properties and a glass transition temperature T_(g)sufficiently high to withstand the maximum heating to be encounteredduring subsequent thermal processing. The adhesive 22 may cover thefront surface 19. Preferably, the adhesive is homogeneously applied byspin bonding, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,980,663 and 6,646,289,the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.Alternatively, any other suitable technique may be employed. In anotherembodiment, an oxide/nitride layer may be used to join the packaginglayer 20 to the device wafer 14.

The layer 20 may be made from materials, such as silicon, glass orceramic, so as to have a coefficient of thermal expansion matched to thecoefficient of thermal expansion of the device wafer 14. In one example,the packaging layer 20, when initially joined to the wafer 14, can havea thickness of about 500-1000 μm.

Referring to FIG. 1F, the wafer 10 of the assembly 100 is completelyremoved, such as by etching and/or grinding. In one embodiment, thewafer 10 is initially mechanically ground or lapped to remove all but afew microns of thickness of the wafer 10, and then etching is performedto remove the remaining few microns of the wafer 10. The layer 12 of theassembly 100 can serve as an etch stop, in other words, can preventetching (removal) of portions of the device wafer 14 containing theimage sensing regions, when the wafer 10 is removed.

In a particular embodiment, after mechanically grinding the layer 10 toa thickness of a few microns, chemical and/or mechanical polishing maybe performed to remove the remaining thickness of the layer 10.

In an alternative embodiment, after the bulk layer 10 is completelyremoved, the layer 12 can be completely removed and then another layerof material, such as a transparent dielectric which may have acontrolled thickness, can be provided on exposed back surface 23 of thedevice wafer 14. In one example, the replacement transparent layer caninclude an anti-reflective layer.

Referring to FIG. 1G, in cases in which layer 12 is not removed, ananti-reflective coating (not specifically shown) may be formed onexposed back surface 26 of the dielectric layer 12. The anti-reflectivecoating can help reduce the amount of light reflected from the surface23 of the wafer 14 and improve contrast ratio. The anti-reflectivecoating may include silicon dioxide, magnesium fluoride and/or indiumtin oxide.

A color filter array including color filters 28 may then be formed orlaminated overlying the surface 26. The color filters 28 can be used toseparate wavelengths of light arriving thereto into different ranges ofwavelengths that correspond to different ranges of color, and providethat the light separated by wavelength propagates from the color filterstowards the back surface 23 of the device wafer 14. Through use of avariety of different color filters, each aligned with a pixel or pixelsof the image sensor 17 in the wafer 14, each color filter and pixel canbe used to sense only a limited predefined range of wavelengthscorresponding to a particular range of colors. In such way, an array ofundifferentiated light detector elements can be used with an appropriatecombination of color filters geared to transmitting different colors topermit many different combinations of colors to be detected.

Sets of microlenses 30 may then be formed which overlie an exposedsurface of the array of color filters 28. The microlenses 30 includetiny bumps of refractive material arranged in an array which help tofocus light on one or more pixels of the imaging sensor of the devicewafer 14. The light arriving at exposed surface 30A of the microlenses30 is directed primarily onto one or more corresponding pixels.

As further illustrated in FIG. 1H, a packaging layer 32 constituting asidewall or standoff of a packaging assembly 31 may be attached to theback surface 26 of the dielectric layer 12 using an adhesive 34. Thesidewall 32 can be applied so as not to vertically overlie the region ofthe assembly 100 including the lenses 30. The sidewall 32 can be madefrom dielectric material. In addition, a lid or covering wafer 36 isjoined to back surface 35 of the sidewall 32. The sidewall 32 may beattached to the layer 12, and then the lid wafer 36 is attached to thesidewall 32. Alternatively, the sidewall 32 and lid wafer 36 are firstattached to each other, and then the sidewall 32 with the lid wafer 36is attached to the layer 12. The sidewall 32 and the lid wafer 36,together, define a cavity in which the filters and microlensesassociated with a sensing region of the device 14 are encapsulated.

The lid wafer 36 is at least partially transmissive to wavelengths ofinterest to the light detector elements incorporated in the image sensor17, and may be formed from one or more various types of glass, and mayinclude inorganic or organic materials, or a combination thereof. Thecavity 37 may have a height or vertical dimension D1 extending betweenthe back surface 26 of the layer 12 and the opposing surface of the lidwafer 36, where D1 is about 35-40 μm. For a detailed description of apackaging assembly joined to a back side of an image sensor, see, forexample, '830 application, incorporated by reference herein.

As illustrated in FIG. 1I, after mounting of the lid wafer 36 to thedevice wafer 14, the packaging layer 20 may be ground to a thickness ofnot less than about 30 μm. The layer 20 has a final thickness so that ithas sufficient rigidity to serve as a mechanical support for theassembly 100.

As illustrated in FIG. 1J, a recess 40 may be formed in front surface 42of the packaging layer 20. The recess 40 extends inwardly from an outersurface 42A of the layer 42 to an inner surface 43 of the adhesive 22.In one embodiment, photolithography may be used to form mask patterns(not shown) overlying the front surface 42 of the layer 20, after whichthe layer 20 may be etched from the front surface 40 using wet or dryetching. The adhesive 22 functions as an etch stop layer that avoidsetching of the device wafer 14 when the recess 40 is formed. In analternative embodiment, the recess 40 may be formed by laser ablation ofthe layer 20. In another embodiment, the layer 20 may be sandblastedusing a directed stream of particles, such as disclosed in commonlyowned co-pending U.S. Application No. Error! Unknown document propertyname. filed Jul. 23, 2010, incorporated by reference herein, to form therecess 40.

In one embodiment, the recess 40 may be a discrete via hole or notchformed at a location that overlies only the bond pad 16. In anotheralternative embodiment, the recess 40 may be in the form of a channelthat extends continuously across the surface 43 of the adhesive layer 22of the assembly 100. See, for example, U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/072,508 filed Feb. 26, 2008, and U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/583,830 filed Aug. 26, 2009, incorporated by reference herein.

As illustrated in FIG. 1K, a polymer or passivation layer 50 is formedover all of the exposed front surfaces of the assembly 100, whichinclude the front surface 42 of the packaging layer 20, sidewallsurfaces 44 of the layer 20 within the recess 40 and the exposed portionof the inner surface 43 of the adhesive 22 at the bottom of the recess40. Referring to FIG. 1K, the layer 50 includes a lower portion 52 onthe surface 43 of the adhesive 42 and which overlies the bond pad 16, anupper portion 54 on the front surface 42 of the layer 20 and sidewallportions 56 on the sidewall surfaces 44 of the layer 20. The layer 50may be formed, for example, by spray or spin coating, electrolytic orelectrophoretic deposition, oxide chemical vapor deposition or plasmaenhanced chemical vapor deposition. The layer 50 may be formed withsufficient thickness to provide compliancy, or alternatively may be anon-compliant layer, such as an oxide layer. See U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/583,830 filed Aug. 26, 2009, incorporated by referenceherein.

As illustrated in FIG. 1L, a recess 60 may be formed through the lowerportion 52 of the layer 50. The recess 60 extends vertically through thelayer 50, the underlying adhesive 22 and to and into the bond pad 16.The recess 60 may extend only partially into the bond pad 16. In oneembodiment, a thickness of less than a micron of the bond pad 16 isremoved at the front surface of the bond pad 16 when the recess 60 isformed. The recess 60 may be formed by controlled laser etching orablation, where the pulse width, intensity, number and wavelength aresuitably controlled to ablate vertically through all or some portion ofthe portion 52 of the layer 50, the portion of the adhesive 22underlying and vertically aligned with the ablated portion 52 of thelayer 50 and a predetermined thickness of the bond pad 16 underlying andvertically aligned with the ablated portion of adhesive 22. See, forexample, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/221,204, filed Jul. 31,2008, incorporated by reference herein.

In another embodiment, the ablation depth into the bond pad 16 does notexceed ten percent of the thickness of the bond pad. In a furtherembodiment, the ablation depth into the bond pad may extend to fiftypercent or more of the thickness of the bond pad. The ablation of themetal surface of the bond pad advantageously provides that metal free ofcontamination is exposed, such that a reliable and low resistance ohmiccontact may be formed for an interconnect metal that is subsequentlyapplied, as described below in connection with the FIG. 1M.

In one embodiment, the recess 60 may extend completely through the bondpad 16 when an active component of the device wafer 14 does not underliethe bond pad 16.

Referring to FIGS. 1L and 1M, a seed metal layer 70 is selectivelyformed on the exposed surface of the upper portion 54 of the passivationlayer 50, and also is formed on exposed surfaces of the layer 50 withinthe recess 40 and the recess 60, exposed surfaces 58 of the adhesivelayer 22 within the recess 60 and the exposed surface of the bond pad16. The layer 70 may be formed by sputtering or blanket metallization,and followed by surface patterning using photolithography. See U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/603,935, filed Nov. 22, 2006,incorporated by reference herein. Alternatively, the seed metal layer 70may be formed by electroless plating.

As illustrated in FIG. 1N, a masking dielectric layer 80 is formedpatterned on the exposed surface of the upper portion 54 of the layer50, and on exposed front surface 72 of the layer 70, to define solderbump locations 90. In addition, the layer 80 is formed on exposedsurfaces of the layer 70 within the recesses 40 and 60. In oneembodiment, the material of the layer 80 may fill the entirety of therecess 40, as well as the recess 60.

As illustrated in FIG. 1O, solder bumps 96 may be formed at thelocations 90 on the layer 70 at which the solder mask 80 is not present.See, for example, '830 application, incorporated by reference herein.

In one embodiment, a packaged image sensor unit manufactured inaccordance with the method of FIGS. 1A-1O may be singulated intoindividual packaged chip assemblies 100 which constitute microelectronicunits, each containing an active region, such as described, for example,in the '830 application.

In another embodiment of the invention, referring to FIG. 2, a bond pad216 of increased thickness in relation to the bond pad 16 of theassembly 100 may be provided on a device wafer 14 of a microelectronicassembly 200. The assembly 200, with the exception of the bond pad 216,has a construction similar to the construction of the assembly 100, andlike reference numerals designate the same or similar elements. The bondpad 216 includes a layer of metal 216B that contacts the front surface19 of the device wafer 14, and a layer of metal 216A disposed over themetal layer 216B. The layers 216A, 216B provide that the bond pad 216has a thickness extending away from the front surface 19 that is almostas thick as the subsequently applied adhesive 22. The recess 60 may beformed so as to terminate within the metal layer 216A of the bond pad216. The recess 60 desirably does not extend into the metal layer 216B,which has a thickness that is about the same as the thickness of thebond pad 16 of the assembly 100.

The bond pad 216 has a greater thickness than the bond pad 16 to providethat the recess 60, and thus, the metal layer 70, formed during thepackaging process, terminate within the bond pad 216 and do not contactthe device wafer 14. As a result, an active region of the wafer device14, such as the sensor 17, is electrically isolated from the metal layer70 within the recess 60. In one embodiment, the fabrication of theassembly 200 may be performed in substantially the same manner asdescribed above for the assembly 100, except that the bond pad 216 isprovided by forming the metal layer 216A over the metal layer 216B afterthe metal layer 216B is formed on the front surface 19 of the devicewafer 14.

The bond pad 216 may have a thickness that is substantially greater than0.5 um, and may include a metal or other material resistant to laserablation. For example, the metal used for the layer 216A may be moreresistant to laser ablation than aluminum, from which the layer 216B isformed. Nickel, copper, gold, silver or like materials are desirable forformation of the layer 216A based on their resistance to laser ablation,low cost and ease of deposition by standard electroless plating process.

In one embodiment, the bond pad 216 may include the layer 216A formedfrom nickel, copper, gold or silver disposed over the layer 216B formedfrom aluminum. In one embodiment, the thickness of the layer 216A may begreater than fifty percent of the thickness of the bond pad 216. Thethickness of the layer 216A may be between 3-5 μm, and may be between0.5-30 μm.

It to be understood that, in accordance with the present invention, abond pad of increased thickness may be formed in a front sideilluminated sensor assembly, which has the active region and the bondpads on the same face, and where the assembly is inverted during furtherfabrication steps.

In a further embodiment of the invention, referring to FIG. 3, a bondpad 316 having multiple levels or layers may be provided within a devicewafer 14 included in a microelectronic assembly 300. The assembly 300,except for the bond pad 316, has a construction similar to theconstruction of the assembly 100, and like reference numerals designatethe same or similar elements. The bond pad 316 may be fabricated as partof a sequence of steps performed to form the pixels of the image sensor17. The bond pad 316 includes several layers of metal 316A, and eachmetal layer 316A may have a construction that is the same or similar toa single layer bond pad, such as the bond pad 16 of the assembly 100described above. The layers 316A are connected to each other byconductive vias 316B or other conductive vertical structures. In oneembodiment, the metal layers 316A and the vias 316 may be isolated fromsemiconductor material in the wafer 14. The bond pad 316 may befabricated recessed partly or wholly within the wafer 14, as shown inFIG. 3, or alternatively may be formed on the surface 19 of the wafer14. The recess 60 is desirably formed to extend into the bond pad 316 toa depth not greater than the back surface of the metal layer 316A of thebond pad 316 which is closest to the back surface 23 of the wafer 14. Asa result, an active region of the wafer device 14, such as the sensor17, is electrically isolated from the metal layer 70 within the recess60. The fabrication of the assembly 300 may be performed insubstantially the same manner as described above for the assembly 100,except for the formation of the bond pad 316 within the device wafer 14.

In another embodiment of the invention, referring to FIG. 4, in amicroelectronic assembly 350 an electrical isolation region 360 extendsaway from a rear surface 361 of a bond pad 16 and a rear surface 19 of adevice wafer 14. The assembly 350 has a construction similar to theconstruction of the assembly 100, and like reference numerals designatethe same or similar elements. The region 360 is partially defined by aportion of the rear surface 361 of the bond pad 16 that completelycircumscribes the portion of the bond pad 16 through which the recess 60is formed. The region 360 may be filled with dielectric material, suchas silicon dioxide, and may be a part of the sidewall 32. Alternatively,the region 360 may be filled with the same adhesive material used toattach the sidewall 32 to the wafer 14.

The material within the region 360 electrically isolates the metal layer70 extending along the sidewalls of the recess 60 from an active region,such as the sensor 17, of the wafer 14. As discussed above, the metallayer 70 desirably is in contact with the bond pad 16 at a radiallysymmetric contact region of the bond pad 16 in the recess 60. The region360 provides that the metal layer 70 is electrically isolated from thewafer 14. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the recess 60 may be formed toextend through the entirety of the bond pad 16, and also may extendthrough one or more material layers underlying the bond pad 16, such asthe material in the region 360, the adhesive layer 34 and/or thesidewall 32.

The fabrication of the assembly 350 may be performed in substantiallythe same manner as described above for the assembly 100, except that,before attachment of the sidewall 32, the layer 12 may be removed andthen the region 360 underlying the bond pad 16 is formed by removing aportion of the wafer 14, such as by use of photolithography and etching.Desirably, the region 360 is formed after the thickness of the devicewafer 14 is reduced.

In another embodiment of the invention, referring to FIG. 5, amicroelectronic assembly 400 having a construction to similar to theassembly 100 may include an isolation region or trench 410 in a devicewafer 14. The assembly 350 has a construction similar to theconstruction of the assembly 100, and like reference numerals designatethe same or similar elements. The trench 410 completely circumscribesthe bond pad 16 and extends at least partially, and in one embodimentcompletely, through the wafer 14.

The trench 410 may be filled with dielectric material. Alternatively,the trench 410 is a doped semiconductor region of the wafer 14 having adifferent doping than the doping of a semiconductor region of the wafer14 adjacent to and circumscribed by the trench 410. The difference inthe doping between the trench 410 and the adjacent region is adaptedsuch that the trench 410 provides electrical isolation between theadjacent region of the wafer 14 circumscribed by the trench 410, whichare on one side of the trench 410, and a region of the wafer 14 on aside of the trench 410 opposite to the recess 60. The doped trench 410,for example, may provide electrical isolation similar to that providedby an intrinsic region (I) of a PIN diode.

The trench 410 electrically isolates a portion of the wafer 14, whichextends underneath the bond pad 16 and may contact the metal layer 70 inthe recess 60, from the remainder of the wafer 12, which includesimaging elements such as the sensor 17. In effect, the trench 410 is ahigh resistivity element in the wafer 14 that creates electrical islandswithin the wafer 14. The trench 410, by circumscribing the bond pad 16,permits that the recess 60 may be formed, using laser etching, to extendthrough the bond pad 16 and into the wafer 14 beneath the bond pad 16.The trench 410 avoids shorting of active portions of the wafer 14, suchas the sensor 17, to the metal layer 70 portions formed in the recess60.

The fabrication of the assembly 400 may be performed in substantiallythe same manner as described above for the assembly 100, except that thetrench 410 is preferably formed during fabrication of the semiconductorwafer 14, as part of a sequence of steps to form the pixels of the imagesensor 17 and before the packaging assembly 31 including the sidewall 32and lid wafer 36 are attached to the wafer 14.

Although the invention herein has been described with reference toparticular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodimentsare merely illustrative of the principles and applications of thepresent invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerousmodifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that otherarrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scopeof the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

1. A microelectronic unit comprising: a semiconductor element having afront surface and a rear surface remote from the front surface; apackaging layer attached to the front surface of the semiconductorelement, wherein the semiconductor element includes a light detectordisposed adjacent to the front surface and aligned with a portion of therear surface to receive light through the rear surface portion, and aconductive contact at the front surface connected to the light detector,wherein the light detector includes a plurality of light detectorelements arranged in an array, wherein the conductive contact includes athin region having a first thickness and thicker region having a secondthickness that is thicker than the first thickness; and a conductiveinterconnect extending through the packaging layer to the thin region ofthe conductive contact, at least a portion of the conductiveinterconnect being exposed at a surface of the microelectronic unit.